During the process of international integration, Vietnam has consistently emphasized that science and technology are the most crucial drivers of modernizing production forces, fostering knowledge-based economic development, and ensuring the nation's rapid and sustainable growth. The Industrial Revolution 4.0 continues to advance, bringing breakthroughs in various fields, which offer both opportunities and challenges to all nations, including strategic competition, trade wars, resource acquisition, market dominance, technological advancements, and high-quality labor competition. This intensifies the demands and challenges for Vietnam to achieve rapid and sustainable development based on strong scientific and technological research and application. Therefore, conducting a study on the current role of science and technology in the socioeconomic development of Vietnam is of utmost importance. The research is conducted based on a materialistic dialectical worldview and methodology, Ho Chi Minh's ideas, and the perspective of the Communist Party of Vietnam on the role of science and technology in serving sustainable social development.