Rivers, geostrategy and the state sovereignty: Understanding the Kalapani dispute and its geopolitical implications for India and Nepal

Abstract

The Kalapani dispute, stemming from competing territorial assertions by India and Nepal, highlights the complex relationship among rivers, geostrategy, and national sovereignty. The Kalapani region, located at the tri-junction of India, Nepal, and China, possesses considerable strategic importance because to its closeness to essential Himalayan passes and water supplies, notably the Kali River, which is crucial in delineating the boundary. This conflict underscores the intricacies of deciphering colonial-era treaties, geographical uncertainties, and evolving geopolitical agendas. Nepal claims its sovereignty through historical accords, whereas India highlights critical necessities related to national security and regional stability. The conflict has strained bilateral relations, affecting diplomatic, economic, and cultural interactions between the two countries. Comprehending the Kalapani issue necessitates an analysis of its geopolitical foundations, the strategic importance of trans-boundary rivers, and the influence of water diplomacy on state sovereignty. This study examines these factors, providing insights into the broader regional geopolitics of South Asia.